Users:General FEM Analysis/Elements Reference/Membrane1

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* This membrane element is a plane stress element with 3 degrees of freedom per node
 
* This membrane element is a plane stress element with 3 degrees of freedom per node
 
* The membrane element neglects the bending stiffness
 
* The membrane element neglects the bending stiffness
−
* The ratio of the thickness and the lengths in the other two directions is much smaller than one ( t/Lx << 1 and t/Ly << 1).
+
* The ratio of the thickness and the lengths in the other two directions is much smaller than one ( t/Lx << 1 and t/Ly << 1), the membrane is reduced to its mid-surface
 
* The thickness is constant over the element
 
* The thickness is constant over the element
  
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=== Degrees of Freedom ===
 
=== Degrees of Freedom ===
  
−
For the membrane element use the 3 translatoric degrees of freedom.
+
The membrane element uses the 3 translatoric degrees of freedom,
−
''DISP_X, DISP_Y, DISP_Z''
+
''DISP_X, DISP_Y, DISP_Z''.
  
  
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|EL-MAT ''int''
 
|EL-MAT ''int''
 
|Number for the used Material
 
|Number for the used Material
−
e.g. MAT=EL-MAT 1 \tabularnewline
+
e.g. MAT=EL-MAT 1
 
|-
 
|-
 
!THICKNESS  
 
!THICKNESS  
−
|''int''
+
|
 
|Thickness of the membrane
 
|Thickness of the membrane
 
|-
 
|-
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B_X, B_Y, B_Z  
 
B_X, B_Y, B_Z  
 
|
 
|
−
|Definition of the principle directions of the surface. To define the prestress dirctions. (see description below)
+
|Definition of the principal directions of the surface to define the prestress directions. (see description below)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!SIG11
 
!SIG11
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|
 
|
 
|Prestress state of the membrane. (see description below)
 
|Prestress state of the membrane. (see description below)
 +
|-
 +
|colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;"| Optional Parameters
 +
|-
 +
!Parameter
 +
!Values, Default(*)
 +
!Description
 
|-
 
|-
 
!LAGRANGE
 
!LAGRANGE
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|Definition of lagrange type. UPDATED for form finding and TOTAL for statics or dynamics. (e.g. LAGRANGE=UPDATED)
 
|Definition of lagrange type. UPDATED for form finding and TOTAL for statics or dynamics. (e.g. LAGRANGE=UPDATED)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;"| Optional Parameters
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
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<pre>
 
<pre>
 
EL-PROP 1 : MEMBRANE1
 
EL-PROP 1 : MEMBRANE1
−
MAT= EL-MAT 1       THICKNESS=1.0
+
MAT= EL-MAT 1   THICKNESS=1.0
−
PRESTRESS     SIG11=1.0     SIG22=1.0     SIG12=0.0
+
PRESTRESS   SIG11=1.0 SIG22=1.0 SIG12=0.0
−
A_X=1.0     A_Y=0.0   A_Z=0.0
+
A_X=1.0 A_Y=0.0 A_Z=0.0
−
B_X=0.0   B_Y=1.0   B_Z=0.0   
+
B_X=0.0 B_Y=1.0 B_Z=0.0   
−
LAGRANGE=UPDATED
+
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
−
 
  
 
== Element Loading ==
 
== Element Loading ==
  
 
=== Pressure ===
 
=== Pressure ===
 +
Pressure load -- characterized by its application in the current configuration, including direction and application area -- is implemented for the Membrane1 element. Note that it may also be included in the form-finding in order to define pressurized cushions, etc.
  
 
=== Dead Load ===
 
=== Dead Load ===
 +
Dead load is implemented. It takes the thickness of the element and the density of the material which is then multiplied by the assigned acceleration value in the proposed direction.
  
 
=== Snow Load ===
 
=== Snow Load ===
−
 
+
Snow load is implemented. It considers the projected surface area of the element w.r.t. the load direction that is applied.
−
 
+
  
 
== Theory ==
 
== Theory ==
  
−
The theory and finite element formulation is described in detail in the work of Dieringer
+
The theory and finite element formulation is described in detail in  
−
<ref name="Die09">Dieringer, F.: Implementierung eines geometrisch nichtlinearen Membranelements in einer objektorientierten Programmierumgebung, Masterthesis, Chair of structural analysis, Technische Universität München, 2009</ref> and Linhard
+
<ref name="Die09">Dieringer, F.: Implementierung eines geometrisch nichtlinearen Membranelements in einer objektorientierten Programmierumgebung, Master's Thesis, Lehrstuhl für Statik, Technische Universität München, 2009</ref>
−
<ref name=Lin2009">Linhard, J.: Numerisch-mechanische Betrachtung des Entwurfsprozesses von Membrantragwerken, PhD-Thesis, Chair of structural analysis, Technische Universität München, 2009</ref>
+
, <ref name=Lin2009">Linhard, J.: Numerisch-mechanische Betrachtung des Entwurfsprozesses von Membrantragwerken, Lehrstuhl für Statik, Technische Universität München, 2009</ref>
 +
and <ref name="Die14">Dieringer, F.: Numerical Methods for the Design and Analysis of Tensile Structures, Lehrstuhl für Statik, Technische Universität München, 2014</ref>.
  
 
For the correct use of the membrane element and the interpretation of related results, the following aspects should be considered:
 
For the correct use of the membrane element and the interpretation of related results, the following aspects should be considered:
Line 94: Line 99:
  
 
=== Material parameter ===
 
=== Material parameter ===
−
With the parameter MAT the material, that would be used in the calculation, for the membrane element is defined. A very popular mistake is that a material number would be used, that isn't defined already. Please ensure that the material that you would like to use at this point are already exits. The following materials are testet for the membrane element:
+
With the parameter MAT the material, that would be used in the calculation, for the membrane element is defined. The following materials are tested for the membrane element:
 
* linear elastic isotropic
 
* linear elastic isotropic
 
* linear elastic orthotropic (Münsch-Reinhardt)
 
* linear elastic orthotropic (Münsch-Reinhardt)
Line 102: Line 107:
  
 
=== Thickness parameter ===
 
=== Thickness parameter ===
−
The parameter THICKNESS defines the thickness of the membrane. The thickness should be constant over the element.
+
The parameter THICKNESS defines the thickness of the membrane. The thickness is assumed constant over the element.
  
 
=== Prestress directions on the surface ===
 
=== Prestress directions on the surface ===
−
The parameters ''A_X, A_Y, A_Z and B_X, B_Y, B_Z'' are used to define the prestress directions on the surface. In this approach the principle directions of the prestress are defined in a plane area (see figure below). The definition of the area is given by the two vectors '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and '''f'''<sub>2</sub>. The normal vector of the area can be calculated with the cross product of the in plane vectors '''f'''<sub>3</sub>='''f'''<sub>1</sub> x '''f'''<sub>2</sub>. Afterwards the line of intersection '''T'''<sub>1</sub> of the area which is given by '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and '''f'''<sub>3</sub> and the curved surface can be calculated. In this approach '''T'''<sub>1</sub> is interpreted as the first principle direction of the prestress on the curved surface. With the assumption that '''T'''<sub>3</sub> is equal to the surface normal vector '''G'''<sub>3</sub> (not uniformed), the second direction of the prestress is calculated as '''T'''<sub>2</sub>='''T'''<sub>1</sub> x '''T'''<sub>3</sub>. W.r.t. the parameters for the input file, only the plane area with the vectors '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and '''f'''<sub>2</sub> have to be defined. Referring to the depict approach the vector '''A''' defines the vector '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and the vector '''B''' defines the vector '''f'''<sub>2</sub>.  
+
The parameters ''A_X, A_Y, A_Z and B_X, B_Y, B_Z'' are used to define the prestress directions on the surface, which is necessary in case of anisotropic prestress conditions. In this approach the principal directions of the prestress are defined in a plane area (see figure below). The definition of the area is given by the two vectors '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and '''f'''<sub>2</sub>. The normal vector of the area can be calculated with the cross product of the in plane vectors '''f'''<sub>3</sub>='''f'''<sub>1</sub> x '''f'''<sub>2</sub>. Afterwards the line of intersection '''T'''<sub>1</sub> of the area which is given by '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and '''f'''<sub>3</sub> and the curved surface can be calculated. In this approach '''T'''<sub>1</sub> is interpreted as the first principal direction of the prestress on the curved surface. With the assumption that '''T'''<sub>3</sub> is equal to the surface normal vector '''A'''<sub>3</sub> (not normalized), the second direction of the prestress is calculated as '''T'''<sub>2</sub>='''T'''<sub>1</sub> x '''T'''<sub>3</sub>. W.r.t. the parameters for the input file, only the plane area with the vectors '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and '''f'''<sub>2</sub> has to be defined. Referring to the depicted approach the vector '''A''' defines the vector '''f'''<sub>1</sub> and the vector '''B''' defines the vector '''f'''<sub>2</sub>.  
  
−
[[File:Prestress_Directions_for_Membranes.jpg|600px|up|Definition of the prestress direction for Membrane]]  
+
[[File:MembraneElement PrestressDirectionDefinition.jpg|600px|up|Definition of the prestress directions for the membrane element]]
  
−
=== Prestress state '''&sigma''' ===
+
=== Prestress state ===
−
SIG11, SIG22, SIG12 describes the prestress of the membrane element. The element is based on the plane stress assuption. Due to that only normal and shear stresses in the midplane have to be defined. SIGG11 is the stress acting in '''T'''<sub>1</sub>, SIG22 acting in '''T'''<sub>2</sub> and SIG12 is the in plane shear, whereas SIG12=SIG21 (see figure below).  
+
SIG11, SIG22, SIG12 describes the prestress of the membrane element. The element is based on the plane stress assumption. Due to that only normal and shear stresses in the midplane have to be defined. SIG11 is the stress acting in '''T'''<sub>1</sub>, SIG22 acting in '''T'''<sub>2</sub> and SIG12 is the in-plane shear, whereas SIG12=SIG21 (see figure below).  
  
 
[[File:Stress_state_for_membranes.jpg|600px|up|Stress state for Membranes]]  
 
[[File:Stress_state_for_membranes.jpg|600px|up|Stress state for Membranes]]  
  
 
=== Lagrange type ===  
 
=== Lagrange type ===  
−
With the LARANGE parameter it is possible to switch between form finding and statical/dynamical analysis. For the value UPDATED the element is for form finding and for the value TOTAL the element is for statical/dynamical analysis. It is important that the LANGRANGE parameter match to the type of analysis.
+
With the (optional) LARANGE parameter it is possible to switch between form finding and statical/dynamic analysis. For the value UPDATED the element is for form finding and for the value TOTAL the element is for statical/dynamical analysis. It is important that the LANGRANGE parameter match to the type of analysis.
  
 +
== Tests and Benchmarks ==
 +
The element Membrane1 has successfully been applied in 3D in various linear and geometrically non-linear static applications, as well as in dynamic analyses and form-finding.
  
 +
=== Benchmark examples ===
 +
* form-finding of a four-point sail: ..\examples\benchmark_examples\analyses\formfinding_membrane1_I\cbm_4_point_Fofi.txt
 +
* static geometrically non-linear analysis of a prestressed membrane under snow load: ..\examples\benchmark_examples\analyses\stanln_membrane1_I\cbm_4_point.txt
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
  
 
<references/>
 
<references/>

Latest revision as of 07:37, 13 January 2017


Contents

General Description

Possible Element Types for Membranes


Element Type

  • This membrane element is a plane stress element with 3 degrees of freedom per node
  • The membrane element neglects the bending stiffness
  • The ratio of the thickness and the lengths in the other two directions is much smaller than one ( t/Lx << 1 and t/Ly << 1), the membrane is reduced to its mid-surface
  • The thickness is constant over the element


Degrees of Freedom

The membrane element uses the 3 translatoric degrees of freedom, DISP_X, DISP_Y, DISP_Z.


Input Parameters

Parameter Description

Compulsory Parameters
Parameter Values, Default(*) Description
MAT EL-MAT int Number for the used Material

e.g. MAT=EL-MAT 1

THICKNESS Thickness of the membrane
A_X, A_Y, A_Z

B_X, B_Y, B_Z

Definition of the principal directions of the surface to define the prestress directions. (see description below)
SIG11

SIG22 SIG12

Prestress state of the membrane. (see description below)
Optional Parameters
Parameter Values, Default(*) Description
LAGRANGE TOTAL, UPDATED Definition of lagrange type. UPDATED for form finding and TOTAL for statics or dynamics. (e.g. LAGRANGE=UPDATED)

Example of a Complete Input Block 

EL-PROP 1 : MEMBRANE1
MAT= EL-MAT 1    THICKNESS=1.0
PRESTRESS   SIG11=1.0  SIG22=1.0  SIG12=0.0
A_X=1.0  A_Y=0.0  A_Z=0.0
B_X=0.0  B_Y=1.0  B_Z=0.0

Element Loading

Pressure

Pressure load -- characterized by its application in the current configuration, including direction and application area -- is implemented for the Membrane1 element. Note that it may also be included in the form-finding in order to define pressurized cushions, etc.

Dead Load

Dead load is implemented. It takes the thickness of the element and the density of the material which is then multiplied by the assigned acceleration value in the proposed direction.

Snow Load

Snow load is implemented. It considers the projected surface area of the element w.r.t. the load direction that is applied.

Theory

The theory and finite element formulation is described in detail in [1] , [2] and [3].

For the correct use of the membrane element and the interpretation of related results, the following aspects should be considered:


Material parameter

With the parameter MAT the material, that would be used in the calculation, for the membrane element is defined. The following materials are tested for the membrane element:

  • linear elastic isotropic
  • linear elastic orthotropic (Münsch-Reinhardt)
  • multilinear elastic isotropic
  • elastoplastic isotropic
  • material on the basis of response functions

Thickness parameter

The parameter THICKNESS defines the thickness of the membrane. The thickness is assumed constant over the element.

Prestress directions on the surface

The parameters A_X, A_Y, A_Z and B_X, B_Y, B_Z are used to define the prestress directions on the surface, which is necessary in case of anisotropic prestress conditions. In this approach the principal directions of the prestress are defined in a plane area (see figure below). The definition of the area is given by the two vectors f1 and f2. The normal vector of the area can be calculated with the cross product of the in plane vectors f3=f1 x f2. Afterwards the line of intersection T1 of the area which is given by f1 and f3 and the curved surface can be calculated. In this approach T1 is interpreted as the first principal direction of the prestress on the curved surface. With the assumption that T3 is equal to the surface normal vector A3 (not normalized), the second direction of the prestress is calculated as T2=T1 x T3. W.r.t. the parameters for the input file, only the plane area with the vectors f1 and f2 has to be defined. Referring to the depicted approach the vector A defines the vector f1 and the vector B defines the vector f2.

Definition of the prestress directions for the membrane element

Prestress state

SIG11, SIG22, SIG12 describes the prestress of the membrane element. The element is based on the plane stress assumption. Due to that only normal and shear stresses in the midplane have to be defined. SIG11 is the stress acting in T1, SIG22 acting in T2 and SIG12 is the in-plane shear, whereas SIG12=SIG21 (see figure below).

Stress state for Membranes

Lagrange type

With the (optional) LARANGE parameter it is possible to switch between form finding and statical/dynamic analysis. For the value UPDATED the element is for form finding and for the value TOTAL the element is for statical/dynamical analysis. It is important that the LANGRANGE parameter match to the type of analysis.

Tests and Benchmarks

The element Membrane1 has successfully been applied in 3D in various linear and geometrically non-linear static applications, as well as in dynamic analyses and form-finding.

Benchmark examples

  • form-finding of a four-point sail: ..\examples\benchmark_examples\analyses\formfinding_membrane1_I\cbm_4_point_Fofi.txt
  • static geometrically non-linear analysis of a prestressed membrane under snow load: ..\examples\benchmark_examples\analyses\stanln_membrane1_I\cbm_4_point.txt

References

  1. ↑ Dieringer, F.: Implementierung eines geometrisch nichtlinearen Membranelements in einer objektorientierten Programmierumgebung, Master's Thesis, Lehrstuhl für Statik, Technische Universität München, 2009
  2. ↑ Linhard, J.: Numerisch-mechanische Betrachtung des Entwurfsprozesses von Membrantragwerken, Lehrstuhl für Statik, Technische Universität München, 2009
  3. ↑ Dieringer, F.: Numerical Methods for the Design and Analysis of Tensile Structures, Lehrstuhl für Statik, Technische Universität München, 2014




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