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| | == Neumann Boundary Conditions == | | == Neumann Boundary Conditions == |
| − | Some general remarks concerning Neumann conditions:
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| − | * The parameter ''LD-CURVE'' is an optional input. It is only used in dynamic analyses. For non-linear statics the [[Users:General FEM Analysis/BCs Reference#Load curve | load curve]] has to be defined in the analysis block.
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| − | | + | Here you can find the [[Users:General FEM Analysis/BCs Reference/Neumann|Reference Guide for Neumann BCs]] |
| − | === LD-NODE ===
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| − | A node load is the most simple kind of Neumann boundary condition. A force or a bending moment is directly applied to a finite element node, whereat the load is defined by its direction and its value. The length of the direction defining vector [D1, D2, D3] does not play any role.
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| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
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| − | LD-NODE 1 TYPE = FORCE LD-CURVE = LD-CURVE 1
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| − | NODE 1 D1 = 1.0 D2 = 0.0 D3 = 0.0 VAL = 10
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| − | NODE 2 D1 = 0.0 D2 = 0.0 D3 = 1.0 VAL = 20
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| − | </pre>
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| − | | + | |
| − | === LD-ELEM ===
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| − | A more complex way of defining Dirichlet conditions is to apply a constraint not to a node but to an element, so the element itsself has to determine its equivalent nodal forces. Depending on the direction and the influenced area one can distinguish between snow load, dead load and pressure load.
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| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PRES ====
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| − | Pressure is an element load acting on an element '''surface'''. It is usually acting normal to the element surface, so defining a direction is not necessary. If a different acting direction is desired it can be defined via the direction vector '''in local element coordinates'''. The load value is equal to the value entered in the load definition.
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| − | | + | |
| − | {|
| + | |
| − | | <pre>
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| − | LD-ELEM 1 PART=1
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| − | LD-CURVE = LD-CURVE 1
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| − | TYPE=PRES VAL=10 ! input using default direction D1=0 D2=0 D3=1
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| − | | + | |
| − | ! alternative input for pressure parallel to the element surface acting parallel to the element's 1st local coordinate
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| − | TYPE=PRES D1=1.0 D2=0.0 D3=0.0 VAL=10
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| − | </pre>
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| − | | + | |
| − | | [[File:BCs_loads_pressure.PNG | 400px | outline pressure load]]
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| − | |}
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| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SNOW ====
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| − | Snow load is also an element '''surface''' related load. In contrast to pressure load it is defined by a direction and it is not acting onto the complete element surface but on its projection into the plane normal to the direction of action. The picture below shows snow load acting into z-direction onto an inclined element.
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| − | | + | |
| − | {|
| + | |
| − | | <pre>
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| − | LD-ELEM 1 PART=1
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| − | LD-CURVE = LD-CURVE 1
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| − | TYPE=SNOW D1 = 0.0 D2 = 0.0 D3 = 1.0 VAL=10
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| − | </pre>
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| − | | + | |
| − | | [[File:BCs_loads_snow.PNG | 400px | outline snow load]]
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| − | |}
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| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DEAD ====
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| − | Dead load is acting onto the whole '''volume''' of an element. It is computed by multiplying material's density times the load value, which should be equal to gravity's acceleration. Gravity's direction can be defined by the direction vector [D1, D2, D3]. The following input block represents material and load parameters for concrete material and gravity acting in z-direction.
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| − | | + | |
| − | {|
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| − | | <pre>
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| − | EL-MAT 1 : LIN_ELAST_ISOTROPIC
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| − | EMOD=3.5e10 ALPHAT=1e-5 DENS=2.5e3 NUE=0.2
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| − |
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| − | LD-ELEM 1 PART=1
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| − | LD-CURVE = LD-CURVE 1
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| − | TYPE=DEAD D1=0.0 D2=0.0 D3=1.0 VAL=9.81
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| − | </pre>
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| − | | + | |
| − | | [[File:BCs_loads_dead.PNG | 400px | outline deadload]] | + | |
| − | |}
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| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TEMPERATURE ====
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| − | {{Template:UnderDevelopment|Helmut|08/2010}}<br>
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| − | The second kind of '''volume''' load is the temperature load object. In contrast to the loads mentioned above it is not defined by elements but by nodes, as the underlying temperature field is defined by nodal values. To this purpose it is possible to define multiple temperature layers at one node, for example top and bottom layer of a shell.
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| − | | + | |
| − | As an example we consider a U-shaped cantilever, where we describe a temperature of +10 over reference temperature at the lower edge and -10 below reference temperature at the top edge.
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| − | | + | |
| − | {|
| + | |
| − | | <pre>
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| − | LD-ELEM 1
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| − | TYPE = TEMPERATURE
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| − | INTERPOLATE_PART = 1
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| − | ND-SET = 30 LAYER = 1 VAL = 10
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| − | ND-SET = 23 LAYER = 1 VAL = -10
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| − | </pre>
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| − | | + | |
| − | | [[File:BCs temp geo.PNG | 400px | geometry of temperature example]]
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| − | |}
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| − | | + | |
| − | Although we only prescribed the temprature at the upper and lower edge we receive a temperature filed which is linear over the height. This is due to the fact that we inputed ''INTERPOLATE_PART = 1'' which forces to interpolate the temperature field for all nodes belomging to part 1. If one omited this input flag all nodes offside the defined edges would be assigned reference temperature and so the displacement would differ significantly.
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| − | | + | |
| − | <gallery caption="" widths="300px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
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| − | File:BCs temp interploated temp.PNG | temperature field after inperpolation was applied
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| − | File:BCs_temp_interploated_disp.PNG | resulting displacement
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| − | File:BCs_temp_temp.PNG | temperature field without inperpolation
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| − | File:BCs_temp_disp.PNG | resulting displacement
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | | + | |
| − | <br>
| + | |
| − | <br>
| + | |
| − | == Load curve ==
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| − | A load curve is used to define time depending load factors for non-linear static analysis or dynamics.
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| − | | + | |
| − | The concept is quite simple: The user specifies a discrete load factor-time-function and values in between are interpolated linearly.
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| − | | + | |
| − | {|
| + | |
| − | | <pre>
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| − | LD-CURVE 1 TYPE=DISCRETE
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| − | TIME = 0.000 VAL = 0.0000
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| − | TIME = 1.000 VAL = 1.0000
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| − | TIME = 10.000 VAL = 2.0000
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| − | TIME = 12.000 VAL = 0.0000
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| − | </pre>
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| − | | Hints:
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| − | * In non-linear static analysis pseudo time is used with Δt=1, so pseudo time steps take on growing integer values 1,2,3,etc only.
| + | |
| − | |}
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A load case object collects all boundary conditions, Dirichlet and Neumann constraints, which define the current problem. A load case block is linked directly into an analysis object. Each Neumann block is separately weighted by a factor FAC.
The example below shows a load case including a nodal load block, one element load and one set of Dirichlet conditions.
